that
the young King is an estimable gentleman, who is personally not in the
least to blame for the prevailing status of unfortunate conditions, is
in one way an added misfortune, as the personal loyalty he justly
inspires militates by so much against the revolution in government which
is so deeply a necessity of Italy before her better and more prosperous
life can begin. It is now a country of stagnation. All Southern and
Central Italy simply lives off its tourists; and every year prices and
fees and extortion in general from the visitors to Italy become greater.

Senator Enrico Ferri, the leader of Socialism in Italy, was born in 1856
in Mantua. He had a university education, was admitted to the bar, and
in 1881 was called to the chair of penal law in the University of
Bologna. The Senator is a scientific Socialist,--a man of the most
exceptional gifts and qualities, and the author of a noted work,
entitled "Criminal Sociology," which is translated into several
languages. Senators Ferri and Lombroso are special friends and also
co-workers.

On taking his seat in the University of Bologna, Professor Ferri
delivered a lecture, entitled "New Horizons in Penal Law," which was a
most impressive effort. In it he said:--

"It was in this inaugural discourse that I affirmed the existence
of the positivist school of criminal law, and assigned to it these
two fundamental rules: First, while the classical schools of
criminal law have always studied the crime and neglected the
criminal, the object of the positivist school was, in the first
place, to study the criminal, so that, instead of the crime being
regarded merely as a juridical fact, it must be studied with the
aid of biology, of psychology, and of criminal statistics as a
natural and social fact, transforming the old criminal law into a
criminal sociology. Secondly, while the classical schools, since
Beccaria and Howard, have fulfilled the historic mission of
decreasing the punishments as a reaction from the severity of the
mediaeval laws, the object of the positivist school is to decrease
the offence by investigating its natural and social causes in order
to apply social remedies more efficacious and more humane than the
penal counteraction, always slow in its effects, especially in its
cellular system, which I have called one of the aberrations of the
nineteenth century."

Such