es of mill development. They have been the outgrowth of a
continual profiting by experience, adopting some features and modifying
others. The concurrent action of the large number of minds engaged on
the same problem has led to duplication of methods; but the whole
progress has been a matter of slow, steady growth, advancing by hairs'
breadths, as the result of persistent efforts to adapt means to ends in
the endeavor to reduce the cost of manufacture.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 6: Abstract of a paper by Mr. C.J.H. Woodbury, read before the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.]

* * * * *

[Illustration: SOCIETIES]

THE NEWARK ARCHITECTURAL SKETCH-CLUB.

After a preliminary meeting held for permanent organization December 14,
1889, a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the following
officers elected: _President_, W. Frank Bowers; _Vice-President_, J.C.
Swinnerton; _Secretary_, H.A. Hickok; _Treasurer_, W.C. Hudson. _The
Executive Committee_ consists of F.S. Sutton, A.E. Hudson, W.G. Smith,
L.A. Virtue and E.K. Taylor, together with the officers. It is intended,
in addition to the usual monthly competitions, to make a special feature
of regular class-work throughout the year, this will consist of courses
in constructional work, free-hand drawing, water-color work, plumbing,
architectural history, etc. The courses will be under the direction of
specialists in the various branches who are club-members. Applications
for membership will be received by the Secretary, whose address is 762
Broad Street, Newark. The Club expect to have permanent quarters soon,
which will be open every evening to members.

* * * * *

[Illustration: COMMUNICATIONS]

[_The editors cannot pay attention to demands of correspondents who
forget to give their names and addresses as guaranty of good faith; nor
do they hold themselves responsible for opinions expressed by their
correspondents_.]

AGREEMENT BETWEEN ARCHITECT AND CLIENT.

ALBANY, N.Y., December 26, 1889.

TO THE EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT:

_Dear Sirs_,--As the services which an architect is supposed to render
his client and the compensation for same have been the subject of
considerable loss to us through misunderstanding, we have prepared for
use the enclosed proposition, which covers most cases in our general
practice. In work of such a nature as can't be covered by this
proposit