e to stake, showing the exact height
to which the layer should be spread. Spreading carts have been recently
invented which not only place the stone where it is needed without the
use of shovels, but spread it on in layers of any desired thickness and
at the same time several inches wider than the carts themselves.

If the stones have been separated into two or three different sizes, the
largest size should compose the bottom layer, the next size the second
layer, etc. The surface of each course or layer should be thoroughly and
repeatedly rolled and sprinkled until it becomes firm, compact, and
smooth. The first layer, however, should not be sprinkled, as the water
is liable to soften the foundation. The rolling ought to be done along
the side lines first, gradually working toward the center as the job is
being completed. In rolling the last course it is well to begin by
rolling first the shoulderings or the side roads if such exist.

A coat of three-quarter inch stone and screenings, of sufficient
thickness to make a smooth and uniform surface, should compose the last
course, and, like the other layers, should be rolled until perfectly
firm and smooth. As a final test of perfection, a small stone placed on
the surface will be crushed before being driven into the material.

If none of the stones used be larger than will pass through a two-inch
ring, they can be spread on in layers as above described without
separating them by screens. Water and binding material--stone screenings
or good packing gravel--can be added if found necessary for proper
consolidation. Earth or clay should never be used for a binding
material. Enough water should be sprinkled on to wash in and fill all
voids between the broken stones with binding material and to leave such
material damp enough to insure a set.

If a road is built of tough, hard stone, and if the binding material has
the same characteristics, a steam roller is essential for speedy
results. A horse roller may be used to good advantage if the softer
varieties of stone are employed. For general purposes a roller weighing
from eight to twelve tons is all that is necessary. Heavier weights are
difficult to handle upon unimproved surfaces unless they be constructed
like the Addison roller, the weight of which can be increased or
lightened at will by filling the drum with water or drawing the water
out. This roller can be made to weigh as much as eight tons and, like
several other ve