years before. It was
Eugenius IV. who made this memorable grant to the crown of
Portugal. The error is repeated in Irving's _Columbus_, vol. i.
p. 339.]

[Footnote 388: The first published account of the voyages of
Cadamosto and Cintra was in the _Paesi nouamente retrouati_,
Vicenza, 1507, a small quarto which can now sometimes be bought
for from twelve to fifteen hundred dollars. See also Grynaeus,
_Novus Orbis_, Basel, 1532.]

[Sidenote: Advance to the Hottentot coast.]

Prince Henry did not live to see Africa circumnavigated. At the time of
his death, in 1468, his ships had not gone farther than the spot where
Hanno found his gorillas two thousand years before. But the work of this
excellent prince did not end with his death. His adventurous spirit
lived on in the school of accomplished navigators he had trained. Many
voyages were made after 1462, of which we need mention only those that
marked new stages of discovery. In 1471 two knights of the royal
household, Joao de Santarem and Pedro de Escobar, sailed down the Gold
Coast and crossed the equator; three years later the line was again
crossed by Fernando Po, discoverer of the island that bears his name. In
1484 Diego Cam went on as far as the mouth of the Congo, and entered
into very friendly relations with the negroes there. In a second voyage
in 1485 this enterprising captain pushed on a thousand miles farther,
and set up a cross in 22 deg. south latitude on the coast of the Hottentot
country. Brisk trading went on along the Gold Coast, and missionaries
were sent to the Congo.[389]

[Footnote 389: It was in the course of these voyages upon the
African coast that civilized Europeans first became familiar
with people below the upper status of barbarism. Savagery and
barbarism of the lower types were practically unknown in the
Middle Ages, and almost, though probably not quite unknown, to
the civilized peoples of the Mediterranean in ancient times.
The history of the two words is interesting. The Greek word
[Greek: barbaros], whence Eng. _barbarian_ (=Sanskrit
_barbara_, Latin _balbus_), means "a stammerer," or one who
talks gibberish, i. e. in a language we do not understand.
Aristophanes (_Aves_, 199) very prettily applies the epithet to
the inarticulate singing of birds. The names