reign.

See Jan Dlugosz, _Opera_ (Cracow, 1887); August Sokolowski,
_Illustrated History of Poland_ (Pol.), vol. ii. (Vienna, 1904).
(R. N. B.)

CASIMIR-PERIER, JEAN PAUL PIERRE (1847-1907), fifth president of the
French Republic, was born in Paris on the 8th of November 1847, being the
grandson of Casimir Pierre Perier (q.v.) the famous premier of Louis
Philippe. He entered public life as secretary to his father, A.V.L.C.
Perier, who was minister of the interior under the presidency of Thiers.
In 1874 he was elected general councillor of the Aube, and was sent by
the same department to the chamber of deputies in the general elections
of 1876, and he was always re-elected until his presidency. In spite of
the traditions of his family, Casimir-Perier joined the group of
Republicans on the Left, and was one of the 363 on the _Seize-Mai_
(1877). If he refused to vote the expulsion of the princes in 1883, and
resigned as deputy upon the enactment of the law, it was only owing to
personal connexions with the family of Orleans. On the 17th of August
1883 he became under-secretary of state for war, and retained that
position until the 7th of January 1885. From 1890 to 1892 he was
vice-president of the chamber, then in 1893 president. On the 3rd of
December he became prime-minister, holding the department of foreign
affairs, resigned in May 1894, and was re-elected president of the
chamber. On the 24th of June 1894, after the assassination of President
Carnot, he was elected president of the republic by 451 votes against 195
for Henri Brisson and 97 for Charles Dupuy. His presidency lasted only
six months. The resignation of the Dupuy ministry on the 14th of January
1895 was followed the next day by that of the president. Casimir-Perier
explained his action by the fact that he found himself ignored by the
ministers, who did not consult him before taking decisions, and did not
keep him informed upon political events, especially in foreign affairs.
From that time he definitely and absolutely abandoned politics, and
devoted himself to business--especially mining. At the trial of Dreyfus
at Rennes, Casimir-Perier's evidence, as opposed to that of General
Mercier, was of great value to the cause of Dreyfus. He died on the 11th
of March 1907.

CASINO (diminutive of _casa_, a house), the Italian name for a
pleasure-house in a garden, which has been extended to a place of public
amusement at pleasure resorts,