In each experiment massed labor power (slave, serf, or wage-earner)
was assembled, organized and trained to build roads, bridges, aqueducts,
housing facilities and eventually to operate agriculture, construction,
industry, trade and commerce, public utilities and other services in the
interests of an oligarchy.

7. In each experiment a capital city (and associated cities) became the
nucleus for accumulating wealth, constructing public buildings,
providing means of transportation and sources from which raw materials
could be secured for city maintenance and for the provision of sanitary
facilities, means of recreation and diversion.

8. In each experiment there was a competitive struggle between rival
communities, each passing through the rural-urban transformation. The
result was an increasing conflict for survival, for expansion and for
local supremacy.

9. Each experiment expanded along lines that led the more successful to
build traditional empires consisting of wealth-power centers and
peripheries of associates and dependents.

10. Each experiment produced a competitive survival struggle between
rival empires that would determine eventual supremacy.

11. In each experiment one among the local and regional contestants
defeated, conquered, dismembered, assimilated or destroyed its rivals
and emerged as victor, giving its name to a civilization: Egyptian,
Babylonian, Persian, Roman.

12. In each experiment the victims of imperial aggression, conquest,
exploitation and assimilation, conspired, united, resisted and revolted
against the dominant power. The result was endemic civil war.

13. Within each experiment, as the civilization matured, the same
confrontations appeared at the nuclear center and in the
provincial-colonial periphery:

a. Extremes of riches side by side with slum-dwelling poverty.

b. Expanding unearned income, with one class (the propertied and
privileged) owning for a living and another class (peasants,
artisans, serfs, slaves) working for a living.

c. Intensified exploitation of mass labor side by side with the
proliferation of parasitism throughout the body social, consisting
of individuals and social sub-groups whose contribution in the form
of goods produced and services rendered was less than the cost of
maintaining the participants.

d. Economic stagnation. Public spending in excess of public income;
higher levies and taxes to