other stars." The following
passage shows the origin of the Chinese year:

1. "The months and seasons are determined by the revolution of Ursa Major
(the Chinese name for which is Pek-tao the 'Seven Directors'). The tail of
the constellation pointing to the east at nightfall announces the arrival
of spring; pointing to the south the arrival of summer; pointing to the
west the arrival of autumn and pointing to the north the arrival of
winter. This means of calculating the seasons becomes more intelligible
when it is remembered that in ancient times the Bear was much nearer the
north pole than now and revolved around it like the hand of a clock"
(Prof. Rob. K. Douglass, China. London, 1887, p. 418). The Chinese zodiac
is represented with the pole-star and circumpolar constellations in the
centre (Astronomy of the Chinese, Ancient China, W. H. Medhurst, Shanghae,
1846).

2. The determination and designation of six directions in space. In
Chinese the six ho or ki designate the limits of space, the zenith, nadir
and four quarters (Mayer's Manual, pp. 306, 312 and 321). "The term Liu-ho
also applies to the six pairs of cyclical signs and means 'Universe,' that
is, Heaven and Earth [being Above and Below] and the Four Quarters."(79)

The syllable ho also occurs in the following words which deserve to be
collated with the Maya list: Ho=river, hu=lake. C-ho-o=master, _cf._ Maya
hol=head. Ho-o=resident, _cf._ Maya ho=capital. Sho-o=tree, _cf._ Maya
ci-hom=tree. Pih-sho-o=cypress. Kwo=country, _cf._ mouth, symbol for land
or below. Kow=mouth, etc. Chow=name of ancient metropolis.

3. The conception of the Above and Below=duality. The zenith is naturally
associated with heaven and the nadir with earth. Heaven is father and
earth is mother. Heaven is figured by a circle and earth by a square. "The
marriage of Heaven and Earth produces all things." The association of
heaven with the male and earth with the female principles is shown by (1)
the injunction: "Thou shalt honor thy father as the heaven and thy mother
as the earth." (2) In Pekin, the Emperor, termed "the Son of Heaven,"
inhabits the "Palace of Heaven" whilst the Empress inhabits the "Palace of
Earth's repose." The sun is male and the "Temple of the Sun" is situated
to the east. The moon is female and the "Temple of the Moon" is situated
to the west in the sacred enclosure at Pekin. The emblematic color of the
heaven is naturally azure; of the sun, red; of the earth, yell